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Area of Law: Company
In Changyou.com Ltd v Fourworld Global Opportunities Fund Ltd & Ors, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council had to consider whether minority shareholders in a “short-form” merger under Part XVI of the Cayman Islands Companies Act (i.e. a merger of a parent company with its subsidiary where the parent company holds at least 90% of the voting power) had a right to be paid a judicially determined fair value for their shares instead of the merger consideration offered under the terms of the merger (known as “appraisal rights”).
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Judgment has been handed down in Re London Resort Co Holdings Ltd [2024] EWHC 3287 (Ch), an interesting High Court case concerning irremediable breaches of the terms of a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) by an insolvent company and the refusal by the CVA supervisor to terminate the CVA in response to such breaches. ICC Judge Barber’s judgment provides helpful guidance about CVAs and the duties of CVA supervisors. The case is a rare example of a successful challenge to a decision/omission of a CVA supervisor under section 7(3) of the Insolvency Act 1986.
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Section 221(1) of the Insolvency Act 1986 provides that “any unregistered company may be wound up under this Act”. By section 220, ““unregistered company” includes any association and any company, with the exception of a company registered under the Companies Act 2006 in any part of the United Kingdom.” Does the use of the word “includes” mean that entities other than associations and companies can be wound up under section 221(1)?
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Jonathan Adkin KC and Adil Mohamedbhai continue to act for the dissenters in Re Jardine Strategic Holdings Limited, a multi-billion-dollar shareholder appraisal action in Bermuda concerning the Jardine group of companies, a Fortune Global 500 group of companies and one of the largest conglomerates in the world.
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Dan McCourt Fritz KC and Ramyaa Veerabathran successfully represented the respondent controlling shareholder, Ivy Loveridge, in an application made by her son, Michael Loveridge, under paragraph 74 of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 (the “Insolvency Application”), seeking to prevent the administrators of Breton Park Residential Homes Ltd (“Breton Park”) from rescuing it as a going concern on the basis that the proposed rescue would be unfair to his interests, purportedly as a shareholder of the company.
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Lance Ashworth KC and Dan McCourt Fritz KC acted on behalf of the successful appellants, THG plc and others, in this unfair prejudice petition, instructed by Catherine Naylor and Tom Cox at Gowling WLG (UK) LLP.
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The Court of Appeal has handed down its judgment in Ntzegkoutanis v Kimionis [2023] EWCA Civ 1480.
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On 9 October 2023 the Court of Appeal handed down its judgment in DnaNudge Ltd v Ventura Capital GP Ltd [2023] EWCA Civ 1142.
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Justin Higgo KC acted for the successful Claimant in Trafalgar Multi Asset Trading Company Ltd v Hadley & Ors [2023] EWHC 1184 (Ch), both in the High Court and the Court of Appeal.
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The Court of Appeal handed down judgment on Wednesday, 19th April 2023, in Hunt v Ubhi [2023] EWCA Civ 417 in which it reiterated that the default rule is that applicants for freezing orders, including office holders, must provide unlimited cross undertakings in damages and that a departure from the default rule must be justified.
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On 18th January 2023, Fancourt J handed down judgment in the ongoing unfair prejudice petition Zedra Trust Company (Jersey) Limited v. THG plc [2023] EWHC 65 (Ch), after the Court of Appeal had in 2021 struck out complaints that Zedra’s shareholding had been diluted [2021] EWCA Civ 904.
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James Mather and Mark Wraith appeared for the successful appellant in Malik v Hussain [2023] EWCA Civ 2, in which the Court of Appeal held that where there was a term requiring contracts to be exchanged within seven days of payment of the deposit by a successful bidder that only required the bidder to exchange within seven days of being presented with a contract in a form capable of being present with a contract in a form capable of being executed and exchanged. The issue arose in the context of a long-running partnership and company dispute concerning the ownership of a prominent restaurant business in Manchester. In previous trials James and Mark successfully established the disputed existence of the partnership and that the claimant was entitled to require an open market sale of the relevant assets rather than a buy-out at a valuation determined by the court.
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Five members of Serle Court appeared in the recent case of Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and Anor v ESMS Global Limited and Ors [2022] EWHC 2491 (Comm), on both sides of an application to strike out the Claim and for reverse summary judgment.
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In a judgment handed down this morning, Deputy (former Chief) Master Marsh dismissed an application for summary judgment made by Dr Rohit Kulkarni, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon who is a minority shareholder in the company which owns St Joseph’s Hospital in Newport, Gwent. The summary judgment application, which has been issued before the defendants had filed defences, was based in part on the compulsory share transfer provisions of a shareholders’ agreement between Dr Kulkarni and the majority shareholder, Gwent Holdings Limited. Dr Kulkarni claimed that Gwent had committed irremediable breaches of the shareholders’ agreement, thus triggering the compulsory transfer provisions. In his judgment in Kulkarni v Gwent Holdings Limited and St Joseph's Independent Hospital Limited [2022] EWHC 1368 (Ch), Deputy Master Marsh refused to order the rectification of the company’s register of members under section 125 of the Companies Act 2006 with retrospective effect. He went on to refuse to grant relief entitling Dr Kulkarni to acquire Gwent’s shares compulsorily, noting at [92] that “the issue of remediability is unlikely to be suitable for determination in most cases on a summary basis because, as in this case, the court does not have all the evidence it needs to make a determination about the proper construction of the contract and whether on the specific facts the breach was remediable”.
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Minority shareholders in plcs will welcome a judgment handed down this morning which has broadened their options. For the first time in this jurisdiction, the Court has ordered the winding up of a listed plc on the just and equitable ground under section 122(1)(g) of the Insolvency Act 1986 for loss of substratum. In a reserved judgment following a two-week trial in February 2022, in Re Klimvest plc [2022] EWHC 596 (Ch) the High Court clarified and modernised English law in line with more recent Australian authorities. HH Judge Cawson QC (sitting as a High Court Judge) held that the identification of a company’s purpose or substratum is a matter of equity between the company – even a listed plc – and its shareholders, rather than a formalistic exercise in construing the corporate constitution. The purpose is lost, potentially triggering winding-up by the Court, not only where carrying it out is “practically impossible” for the company, but also where it has been, or will be, abandoned. Judge Cawson QC applied the dictum of Jenkins J in Re Eastern Telegraph Co., Ltd [1947] 2 All ER 104 that “if a shareholder has invested his money in the shares of the company on the footing that it is going to carry out some particular object, he cannot be forced against his will by the votes of his fellow shareholders to continue to adventure his money on some quite different project or speculation”.
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The Court of Appeal has today handed down an important judgment on committal applications in Navigator Equities Limited and Vladimir Chernukhin v Oleg Deripaska [2021] EWCA Civ 1799. The court set aside the order of Andrew Baker J (striking out the committal application against Mr Deripaska as an abuse of process) and has remitted the matter back to the Commercial Court for trial.
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The Court of Appeal has handed down a second judgment in the case of Loveridge v Loveridge [2021] EWCA Civ 1697. Lance Ashworth QC and Dan McCourt Fritz (instructed by Stephen Rome and Georgia Morris at Thursfields Solicitors) were again successful. The judgment contains an interesting discussion about the proper treatment of informal loan finance within family companies, the outer limits of the unfair prejudice jurisdiction under ss.994-996 of the Companies Act 2006, and on the costs consequences of abortive committal applications.
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In this case, Thomas Braithwaite blended IP and company law when he appeared in the IPEC for the defendants who were accused of breach of a trade mark licence. A summary judgment application was defeated on the grounds that the claimant arguably did not have good title to the trade mark, having acquired it by way of an unlawful return of capital and disguised distribution by a company to its shareholder.
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Lance Ashworth QC acts for the claimant in Kelly v Baker & Braid, a commercial court claim for damages for fraudulent misrepresentation and/or breach of fiduciary duty leading to the sale of a group of companies at an undervalue of over £110m.
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Matthew Morrison and Gregor Hogan act for Haz International Limited in connection with misfeasance proceedings alleging the diversion of business opportunities and other wrongs by a former director and shareholder. These have been consolidated with a just and equitable winding up/unfair prejudice petition presented by the defendant director/shareholder. The evidential stage of the trial (including the cross-examination of three Turkish witnesses via a translator) took place remotely over ten days in the Insolvency and Companies Court during January 2021. Closings will be presented in March 2021.
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In Re: H Limited, Timothy Collingwood QC acts for majority shareholders in BVI proceedings involving allegations against them of unfairly prejudicial conduct, where the Court has had to address the effect on the claim against the shareholders of an arbitration agreement in the company’s articles of association.
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In Medical Imaging Partners v St Joseph’s Independent Hospital, the question arose as to whether an MRI machine and other medical equipment subject to chattel leases had become annexed to land owned by a company in administration, so that title to the equipment passed to the purchasers of the business when the company’s assets were sold by the administrators. Thomas Braithwaite acted for the purchasers.
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Gareth Tilley acted as junior counsel for the Official Receiver in Re Keeping Kids Company; Official Receiver v Atkinson, the disqualification proceedings arising from the collapse of the charity Kids Company. These are believed to be the first-ever proceedings for disqualification of charity trustees as company directors and they raise questions about the standard to be applied to unpaid trustee directors, whether a remunerated charity CEO can or ought to be classified as a de facto company director, and what degree of latitude the trustee directors have in relation to the pursuit of charitable objects when the company is of doubtful solvency.
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Philip Jones QC was successful in the Privy Council in Ocean Sino, a case which involved a claim by one joint owner of a BVI company to wind it up on the just and equitable ground. He had previously acted at the original trial and before the BVI Court of Appeal.
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In Re Global-IP Cayman, Daniel Lightman QC, representing the majority shareholder in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, successfully argued before Parker J that (i) the case was an exception to the usual rule that the petitioning creditor should be awarded its costs of a winding-up petition (unrep, 21 July 2020) and (ii) the majority shareholder’s appointees to the company’s board had not been removed from office because on a proper interpretation of the company’s articles the relevant board meeting had been inquorate (unrep, 31 December 2020).
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Lance Ashworth QC and Dan McCourt Fritz acted for the successful Appellants in Loveridge v. Loveridge [2020] EWCA Civ 1104 overturning injunctions in an unfair prejudice petition and in partnership proceedings which had granted the running of the companies and partnerships to a minority shareholder and partner. The Court of Appeal effectively put the majority back in charge. Both the petition and the partnership proceedings continue and will come on for trial in 2022.
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James Weale acted for the successful claimant in a dispute over the ownership of company which held a valuable Chelsea property in Moutreuil v Andreewitch [2020] EWHC 2068 (Fam). Following a 4-day trial, Cobb J held that the transfer of shares by Mr Andreewitch to his partner in order to insulate the property against creditors took effect as an outright gift. In related committal proceedings, which also formed the subject of hearing in the Court of Appeal [2020] 4 W.L.R. 54, James succeeded in an application to commit Mr Andreewitch for contempt of court [2020] 2 F.L.R. 812 for which he received a suspended sentence of 6 months [2020] EWHC 2068 (Fam).
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In Re Dinglis Properties Ltd, Daniel Lightman QC and Gregor Hogan represented the respondents to a section 994 petition. In a landmark judgment in June 2020 ([2020] 2 BCLC 607), Adam Johnson QC (sitting as a deputy High Court Judge) considered the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the share purchase order which he had previously made.
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Hugh Norbury QC and Mark Wraith appeared for the claimant in Saatchi v Gajjar [2019] EWHC 3472 (Ch), and obtained permission to continue a derivative claim arising out of alleged misappropriation by the defendant from a company involved in the storage and transportation of Mr Saatchi's art collection.
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Lance Ashworth QC and Zahler Bryan have been acting for the claimant in the case of de Silva v Lucas & Ribeiro, a claim in respect of the ownership of an Estonian holding company, which (through Estonian and Portuguese subsidiaries) owns a very substantial property development in Lisbon, Portugal.
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In Brown v MML Capital Timothy Collingwood QC acted for the petitioners in an unfair prejudice petition in which he succeeded in obtaining an injunction to restrain the continuation of disciplinary proceedings concerning disputed allegations of misconduct pending resolution of the Petition ([2020] EWHC 23 (Ch)).
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Jonathan Adkin QC acted for a number of dissenting shareholders in two high-value company share appraisal actions arising under s.238 of the Cayman Islands Companies Law. In Re Qunar Cayman Islands Ltd he appeared in a three-week trial in the Grand Court of the Cayman Island for the determination of the fair value of a Chinese web-based travel company's shares. In Re: Nord Anglia Education Inc he acted in a three-week trial in the Grand Court for the determination of the fair value of shares in the world's leading private school business.
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Daniel Lightman QC and Zahler Bryan acted for the successful claimants in Mahdavi v Sterling Avram, a case arising from a multi-million-pound property fraud by a consultant engaged by a solicitors' firm. The proceedings raised novel questions about (i) the legal protection available against property fraud where the fraudster operates within a solicitors' firm and (ii) the availability of relief under s 61 of the Trustee Act 1925 to solicitors who have paid away client monies in breach of trust.
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In Griffith v Gourgey, Daniel Lightman QC, Adil Mohamedbhai and Emma Hargreaves continue to represent respondents to three unfair prejudice petitions seeking orders for the purchase of their shares in substantial property development companies. In November 2019, the Court of Appeal handed down its judgment ([2019] EWCA Civ 2046) on appeals against two rulings by Sir Nicholas Warren regarding strike-out of the petitions and amendment of another petition.
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Elizabeth Jones QC, Justin Higgo, Gareth Tilley, Paul Adams, Zahler Bryan and Oliver Jones continue to act for Sir Owen Glenn and his company, Kea Investments Limited in their dispute with New Zealand businessman Eric Watson, following the judgment in Glenn v Watson [2018] EWCH 2016 (Ch) in which Kea suceeded in establishing its entitlement to set aside agreements relating to a joint venture etween Sir Owen and Eric Watson on the baiss of (i) fraudulent misrepresentations made on behalf of Mr Watson, (ii) breach of Mr Watson's fiduciary duty to Kea. The court gave an important decision on equitable interest, awarding interest of 6.5% compounded annually, at [2018] EWCH 2016 (Ch). Litigation continues as Kea seeks to enforce its judgment againts Mr Watson's assets in the UK and internationally.
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Lance Ashworth QC and Matthew Morrison secured judgment secured judgment for the First Defendant , Mr Rosser in Instant Access Properties v Rosser successfully defeating a fraudulent trading and breach of fiduciary duty claim of £35 million.
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